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Infamous Cults
10 of the World’s Most Infamous Cults
BY JANE MCGRATH
Most people have
their own vague idea of what constitutes a cult.
But "cult" is one
of those slippery, nebulous terms that are difficult to define. Strict
definitions tend to be either too wide or too narrow.
To complicate matters, what
one considers a cult is often a matter of opinion.
But, as Supreme Court Justice
Potter Stewart said about another ill-defined topic, people tend to think that
they know it when they see it.
Sidestepping the controversy,
sociologists don't like to use the pejorative term "cult."
Instead, they like to talk
about new religious movements (NRMs), which can be more widely defined.
NRMs hold beliefs that are far outside of the mainstream.
They are often characterized
by making strict demands on the lifestyle of their members, such as giving up
possessions, professions and contact with family to live in a commune with
other members.
Many have charismatic,
authoritarian leaders whose followers believe have special prophetic powers.
These leaders often prophesize about an imminent apocalypse.
We'll explore the most
infamous cults that have gained notoriety either because they were so
successful or because they met a bloody and horrifying end.
1 The Unification Church
The
Unification Church, formally known as Holy Spirit Association for the
Unification of World Christianity, was founded by Rev. Sun Myung Moon.
Born in North Korea, Moon
claims to have received a vision when he was 16 years old that told him he was
called to complete Christ's mission on earth.
According to Moon, Christ was
crucified before he was able to fulfill his mission of marrying and having
perfect children. Moon, then, saw himself as the Messiah.
At odds with the teachings of his Presbyterian Church, he was
excommunicated and formed his own church in the 1950s.
As the Messiah, Moon claimed
that salvation was only possible through pledging obedience to him, and, after
seven years of service, taking a spouse picked by him.
The religion became known for
its mass weddings, where he presides over the marriages of hundreds of
people at one time.
Already a successful businessman, in the 1970s he moved his
headquarters to New York, where he attracted new members to his movement as
well as widespread suspicion.
As a focus of the anti-cult movement
gaining momentum at this time, parents of church members began kidnapping and
"deprogramming" their children.
They also filed lawsuits, and
by 1982, Moon was convicted of tax evasion. Now known as the Family Federation
for World Peace and Unification, the church is still active.
THE UNIFICATION CHURCH IN FICTION
Author
Don Delillo's 1991 novel, "Mao II," significantly features an opening
prologue in which a mass wedding takes place at Yankee Stadium. The followers
in attendance: Members of the Unification Church.
9 Rajneeshpuram
An untraditional Indian guru,
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh embraced earthly pleasures.
He himself owned 93 Rolls
Royces, and he promoted an indulgence in sex.
In fact, his ideas were
largely rejected in India itself, and he found larger followings in the U.S.
and Europe.
Rajneesh began his congregation in India in the 1970s, setting
up a headquarters in Pune in 1974.
However, after facing
increasing hostility there, Rajneesh moved to the United States in 1981 and
soon purchased land in Oregon, where followers built their own city called
Rajneeshpuram.
Ma Anand Sheela, an Indian
woman who helped organize Rajneeshpuram became a member of Rajneesh's
inner circle.
As Rajneesh no longer spoke
in public, Sheela took control of daily operations in the city.
By 1985, Rajneeshpuram had more than 2,500 residents, but had
become embroiled in local tensions.
During the previous year,
Sheela instituted the "Share-a-home" program, where the city bused in
thousands of homeless people in order to register them as voters there in a
failed attempt to influence the Wasco County court elections.
Around the same time, Sheela
and other leaders of the commune orchestrated the first bioterrorist
attack in U.S. history by poisoning restaurant food in the large town of
Dalles.
In this attempt to reduce the
voter population, they sickened 750 people.
In 1985, Sheela and other leaders fled the commune, and Rajneesh
was deported for immigration fraud. Despite his death in 1990,
Raneesh's movement still lives.
8 Children of God
In
the 1960s, after hearing of the large hippie population in Huntington Beach,
Calif., a Christian minister, David Berg, moved there to recruit the young
people.
It wasn't hard for him, and
the hippies were quickly attracted to his anti-establishment
attitude.
Many gave up their jobs and
donated their savings to the group to live communally in Berg's house.
The group moved to Arizona
when Berg claimed to receive a revelation that California would be struck by an
earthquake.
Members began to call Berg,
"Moses" and their group "the Children of God."
In the early 1970s, the Children of God recruited all over the
country and even set up international centers. By 1974, it had more than 4000
members in 70 countries [source: Sreenivasan].
Berg wrote a series of
letters to all his communities to relate his teachings. In 1978, he reorganized
the group, renaming it "The Family."
However, the U.S. anti-cult movement targeted the Children
of God, and many parents of members kidnapped and deprogrammed their children.
Most controversial was Berg's
progressive attitude towards sex. He encouraged open sexual relationships and
experimentation.
The group has also been
accused of encouraging child sex abuse.
In what was called
"flirty fishing," he encouraged his members to engage in sexual
relationships to attract new members.
By the late 1980s, after
dealing with the problem of sexually transmitted diseases, the group formally
ended this practice.
Now called "The Family International," this group is
still very active, despite Berg's death in 1994.
FREE LOVE AMONG CHILDREN
In
1982, Berg published a book that depicted his toddler stepson, Davidito, being
exposed to free love practices and engaging in sex play with adult women. In
2005, Davidito, having changed his name to Ricky Rodriguez, murdered his former
nanny and shot himself, leaving a video saying that this was revenge [source: Sreenivasan].
7 Movement for the
Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
Founded by four ex-Roman
Catholic priests, two ex-nuns and one ex-prostitute, the Movement for the
Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (MRTCG) in Uganda emphasized the
importance of the Ten Commandments.
Through visions of the Virgin
Mary, the leaders were convinced that the Roman Catholic Church had abandoned
the Commandments.
The leaders also had doomsday prophecies. They predicted the
apocalypse would occur on Dec. 31, 1999.
In anticipation of this,
members sold their possessions.
However, when the end of the
world didn't come that day, the leaders quickly altered their prediction and
they claimed that the Virgin Mary would come on March 17, 2000, to save the
faithful and bring them to heaven.
Still believing the prophecies,
members held a feast on March 16. They killed some cattle for the occasion and
even ordered crates of Coca-Cola.
When March 17 arrived, police discovered that an explosion and
fire had killed hundreds of the group's members.
Although at first this was
assumed to be a mass suicide, the evidence and subsequent uncovering of more
bodies at other sites soon pointed to murder.
Leaders had murdered the
members, perhaps because they were unable to repay them for giving away their
possessions after the prophecy failed to materialize.
It was never determined
whether the leaders killed themselves or fled the country.
6 Aum Shinrikyo
Formed
in 1987 by Master Asahara Shoko, Aum Shinrikyo was a Japanese cult.
Asahara had originally
started a yoga school, but after a trip to India in which he met the Dalai Lama and
achieved enlightenment in the Himalayas, he changed the name of his school to
Aum Shinrikyo (Aum Supreme Truth) and began teaching a combination of Buddhism,
Hinduism and Christianity.
He gained many followers as
he claimed to embody a god, and he secured significant financial donations. The
group became increasingly radical, and defectors met violent ends.
By 1995, the group had about 50,000 members, mostly in Russia.
By this time, Asahara had begun preparing for war and expected Aum Shinrikyo to
take over the government.
To deflect police attention
away from the group's activities and instigate the violence he prophecized,
Asahara orchestrated an attack on the Tokyo subway.
On March 20, 1995, five members of Aum Shinrikyo boarded the
subway on different trains.
When they arrived at
Kasumigaseki, they each placed a package wrapped in newspaper under their
seats.
They punctured the packages
with the tips of their umbrellas and rushed off the train as gas seeped out.
They succeeded in killing 12
people and sickening 5,500. Authorities traced the attack to the group and
arrested the leadership, largely dismantling the group.
PROPHECIES
Asahara
was fascinated with Nostradamus and even came up with his own disaster
prophecies, such as an impending war between Japan and the United States.
5 Order of the Solar Temple
Joseph Di Mambro and Luc
Jouret founded the Order of the Solar Temple in Geneva in 1984.
It was one of many groups
that have seen itself as a revival of the Medieval Knights Templar.
Jouret claimed to be both
Christ and the reincarnation of one member of the 14th century order.
The leaders also prophesized
that Di Mambro's daughter, Emmanuelle, would take the group's members to a
planet that revolved around the star Sirius after their earthly death.
The Order of the Solar Temple was a doomsday cult. Di Mambro and
Jouret believed the end of the world would come in the mid-1990s. However, the
group lost several members, including Emmanuelle, after what leaders claimed
was a "vision" was exposed as a hoax [source: Clarke].
Finally, in 1994, Di Mambro and Jouret believed the end was near
and it was time for the transit to the new planet.
In order to enter a higher
spiritual plane, 53 members of the order committed suicide or were murdered in
Canada and Switzerland on Oct. 4 and 5, 1994.
The buildings were also set
on fire after the deaths, and Di Mambro and Jouret's remains were found
among the bodies.
It was later revealed that Di
Mambro had also recently ordered the murder of an infant he believed to be the anti-Christ.
Sixteen more members of the
order died in France in December 1995, and five more after that in Quebec in
March 1997.
4 Branch
Davidians
David
Koresh, born Vernon Howell in 1959, was the leader of a Christian sect that
would meet a violent and controversial end in Waco, Texas, that would devastate
the country.
After being expelled from the
Church of the Seventh Day Adventists as a young man, Koresh soon joined an
offshoot called the Branch Davidians.
While there, he shared a
special friendship and affair with the leader, Lois Roden, who named him as her
successor.
Among Koresh's controversial teachings as leader of the Branch
Davidians was his New Light doctrine.
This declared that all women
were his spiritual wives, even underage girls and those women who were already married.
He declared himself a
messiah, albeit an imperfect one, and preached that the apocalypse was
imminent.
Koresh amounted a vast
arsenal of firearms and faced suspicion of child abuse at his church center,
Mt. Carmel.
The cult’s members overlooked
his sexual abuse because it was his call from God.
Based on weapons charges, the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms (ATF) raided Mt. Carmel in February 1993.
After a shoot-out and
stand-off lasting 51 days, the ATF finally came in and battered the walls of
the center, sending in tear gas.
A fire broke out,
killing more than 80 members, including about 20 children and Koresh himself.
TAKEOVER
After Roden's death, Koresh would end up fighting Roden's son in
a violent gun battle before taking over in 1987.
3 Heaven's Gate
In the 1970s, Marshall
Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles came to believe that they were the two witnesses
referenced in chapter 11 of the Book of Revelation.
They began preaching and
gaining followers in California and Oregon with apocalyptic prophecies about
how salvation would come (for those who were prepared) in the form of a
spaceship.
There, their bodies would be
kept in a cocoon state to transform their bodies for heaven.
The group was known as "Human Individual
Metamorphosis," and then later "Total Overcomers Anonymous,"
before becoming "Heaven's Gate" in the 1990’s.
Members had to live with the
group as well as give up their possessions and family.
To perfect themselves for
salvation, Applewhite encouraged members to detach themselves from emotion and
give up sex entirely.
Members dressed androgynously
with loose clothing and closely-shaved shaved hair.
Never consisting of more than about 60 people, the small group
receded from public during much of its existence, finally coming out to
proselytize once again in 1993.
Over the next few years,
using the emerging popularity of the Internet, they set up a Web site to help
spread their message.
In 1997, the Hale-Bopp comet was
approaching close to earth, and a rumor suggested that a UFO was following it.
The group took this rumor
very seriously and became convinced that their salvation would finally come.
In March 1997, all 39 members were found dead from apparent suicide
in preparation for their transition to heaven.
2 Manson
Family
Charles
Manson was born in 1934 to a 16-year-old single mother.
After his mother was
imprisoned for armed robbery, he lived with his uncle and aunt in West Virginia
and soon turned to a life of petty crime himself.
He spent much of his juvenile
and young adult life in reformatories or prison.
When he was released in 1967,
he moved to San Francisco and attracted a small but devout group of young
people that became known as "the Family."
Unlike most cults, the Manson Family was not primarily religion-based,
however Charles Manson did dabble in Satanism as well as Scientology and held
bizarre, quasi-religious ideas.
He also predicted a violent
race war in which African Americans would prevail but would need to then turn
to surviving whites for proper leadership.
He planned to have his Manson
Family hide out during the race war and then emerge to take control when it was
over.
To help instigate this race war, Manson ordered his followers to
carry out murders, intending them to be blamed on blacks.
In August 1968, Manson family
members killed several people in a Los Angeles house, including actress Sharon
Tate (the pregnant wife of director Roman Polanski) and coffee-heiress Abigail
Folger.
The next night, Manson Family
members murdered two others.
In both cases, the killers
repeatedly stabbed victims and wrote messages on the walls in their blood.
Manson and his cohorts were
sentenced to death, but got life in prison after California banned the death
penalty.
THE FAMILY JAMS
Around
1970, several members of the Manson "family" recorded music written
by Charles Manson and actually released an album, appropriately titled
"The Family Sings the Songs of Charles Manson." The album was
reissued as a two-disc set in 1997 under the title "The Family Jams"
and included unreleased material.
1 The People's Temple
The epitome of the
charismatic cult leader, Jim Jones was a preacher from the Pentecostal
tradition.
Although white, Jones
attracted a large African American following because of his preaching style as
well as dedication to integration and racial equality.
His teachings were influenced
by liberation theology and socialit beliefs.
Jones began the People's Temple in the 1950s in Indianapolis.
After reading in Esquire
magazine about places to survive a nuclear holocaust, he moved his congregation
to Ukiah, Calif., in 1965.
In the next five years, the
People's Temple membership went from less than a hundred to thousands.
With thriving churches in San
Francisco and Los Angeles, Jones also built up a significant amount of
political clout.
Meanwhile, Jones began building a commune called
"Jonestown" in Guyana, a socialist-led country in South America.
In 1977, when Jones heard
that New West magazine was to publish an expose on life in the People's Temple
as "a mixture of Spartan regimentation, fear and self-imposed
humiliation" he and his congregation quickly fled to the commune [source: Kilduff].
Convinced by former members and relatives of members to go, U.S.
Congressmen Leo Ryan flew down to visit Jonestown to learn more about it.
Just before Ryan was about to
leave on Nov. 18, 1978, Jones's men arrived at the airstrip and killed the
congressman, as well as several others.
That same day, Jones
convinced his congregation to kill themselves. More than 900 people died,
including 276 children.
Jane McGrath,
Contributing Writer
Jane McGrath holds a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Maryland, College Park.
Jane McGrath holds a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Maryland, College Park.
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